The Manhattan Project Essays - Manhattan Project, Code Names

The Manhattan Project Essays - Manhattan Project, Code Names The Manhattan Project On the morning of August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay flew over the industrial city of Hiroshima, Japan and dropped the first atomic bomb ever. The city went up in flames caused by the immense power equal to about 20,000 tons of TNT. The project was a success. They were an unprecedented assemblage of civilian, and military scientific brain power?brilliant, intense, and young, the people that helped develop the bomb. Unknowingly they came to an isolated mountain setting, known as Los Alamos, New Mexico, to design and build the bomb that would end World War 2, but begin serious controversies concerning its sheer power and destruction. I became interested in this topic because of my interest in science and history. It seemed an appropriate topic because I am presently studying World War 2 in my Social Studies Class. The Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings were always taught to me with some opinion, and I always wanted to know the bomb itself and the unbiased effects that it had. This I-search was a great opportunity for me to actually fulfill my interest. The Manhattan Project was the code name for the US effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. It was appropriately named for the Manhattan Engineer District of the US Army Corps of Engineers, because much of the early research was done in New York City (Badash 238). Sparked by refugee physicists in the United States, the program was slowly organized after nuclear fission was discovered by German scientists in 1938, and many US scientists expressed the fear that Hitler would attempt to build a fission bomb. Frustrated with the idea that Germany might produce an atomic bomb first, Leo Szilard and other scientists asked Albert Einstein, a famous scientist during that time, to use his influence and write a letter to president FDR, pleading for support to further research the power of nuclear fission (Badash 237). His letters were a success, and President Roosevelt established the Manhattan Project. Physicists from 1939 onward conducted much research to find answers to such questions as how many neutrons were emitted in each fission, which elements would not capture the neutrons but would moderate or reduce their velocity , and whether only the lighter and scarcer isotope of uranium (U-235) fissioned or the common isotope (U-238) could be used. They learned that each fission releases a few neutrons. A chain reaction, therefore, was theoretically possible, if not too many neutrons escaped from the mass or were captured by impurities. To create this chain reaction and turn it into a usable weapon was the ultimate goal of the Manhattan Project. In 1942 General Leslie Groves was chosen to lead the project, and he immediately purchased a site at Oak Ridge, Tenn., for facilities to separate the necessary uranium-235 from the much more common uranium-238. Uranium 235 was an optimal choice for the bomb because of its unusually unstable composition. Thus, the race to separate the two began. During that time, the work to perfect the firing mechanism and structure of the bomb was also swiftly underway. General Groves? initial task had been to select a scientific director for the bomb project. His first two choices, Ernest O. Lawrence, director of the electromagnetic separation project, and Arthur H. Compton, director of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory, were not available. Groves had some doubts regarding the next best candidate, J. Robert Oppenheimer (Wood 2). Finally, Groves gambled on Oppenheimer, a theoretical mathematician, as director of the weapons laboratory, built on an isolated mesa (flat land area) at Los Alamos, New Mexico. After much difficulty, an absorbent barrier suitable for separating isotopes of uranium was developed and installed in the Oak Ridge gaseous diffusion plant. Finally, in 1945, uranium-235 of bomb purity was shipped to Los Alamos, where it was fashioned into a gun-type weapon. In a barrel, one piece of uranium was fired at another, together forming a supercritical, explosive mass. To achieve chain-reaction fission, a certain amount of fissile material, called critical mass, is necessary. The fissile material used in the Hiroshima model was uranium 235. In the bomb, the uranium was divided into two parts, both of which were

Elder Abuse Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Elder Abuse - Assignment Example The impact that physical and emotional abuses have on old persons exacerbate the process of aging and the diseases that accompany the process. This complicates the ability of elders to leave the abusive relationship. Kinship obligations and use of extended family to resolve emerging issues complicate the resolution of abuses, especially if the victim is a woman. This paper is a case analysis of Harriet Fields case of elder abuse. Case Analysis A Summary of the Facts in the Case The case centres on elder abuse. The case is about Harriet Fields, an 88-year-old widow. Mrs. Fields lives with her son, Bernard, who is 55 years old and has lived with his mother all his life. Bernard has been unsuccessful in finding work, partly because he is unenthusiastic about it and because of his age. Mrs. Fields’ advanced age restrains her from undertaking many activities; this has contributed to her growing isolation from the rest of society. She no longer attends church services regardless of her strong religiosity (Payne, 2005). This prompted her pastor to visit her monthly. At some stage in the visits, the pastor became aware of Mrs. Fields’ injuries, which she had sustained from physical abuse by her son, Bernard. However, this was not an isolated incident as Mrs. Fields had been suffering successive physical abuse. She had not sought medical attention nor reported the incidences to the authorities. The pastor sought help from protective service workers, an unpleasant decision to Mrs Fields. Mrs. Fields’ case exhibited a lack of caregiver support. Mrs. Fields is also neglected as exhibited by unkemptness. She was also suffering from the diseases associated with aging such as poor vision and hearing capability (Payne, 2008). The protective officers notified the nurse and the police who visited her and offered her attention. Mrs. Fields was less enthusiastic about the recommendations of the police and the nurse. On confronting Bernard, the protection offic er learnt that he was unapologetic, blaming it all on her provocation. Mrs. Fields’ elderly relatives were also defensive of Bernard’s actions by dispelling accusations that he was an alcoholic. Main Problems in the case The problems highlighted by the case encompass abuse, neglect, and exploitation. Bernard subjected his mother to physical abuse and financial exploitation as well as mistreatment. In addition, Bernard subjects her to emotional abuse arising from verbal attacks and threats, which degrade and humiliate her (Grande, 2004). Mrs. Fields’ life also manifests abandonment fueled by loneliness and self-neglect whereby she disregards personal hygiene and health care. Her own actions or inactions such as unwillingness to seek medical care manifest self-harm and endangerment (Payne, 2005). Isolation aggravated the risk to abuse since Mrs. Fields kept a low social profile thus making the abuse go unnoticed. How the two theories explain the problems and the n eeds Feminist theory Feminist perspectives explain and respond to oppressive positions of women in most societies. Feminist perspectives delve more in increasing consciousness on women’s roles and positions. Feminist ideas lean towards radical transformation in societies (Payne, 2008). Feminists hold that social and institutional factors shape the positions of women in a patriarchal society. Feminists believe that the patriarchal society manifests increased domination in terms of privilege and empowerment of men. The provision of varying insights depending on the feminist premises yields different types of feminism, which are diverse, competing, and often contradictory (Grande, 2004). The five key feminist theoretical perspectives include liberal

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

History - Essay Example These men were busy planning new governments after they won the Civil War. The South was busy planning a new government which was based on slavery, while the North was creating new laws banning slavery. Lincoln and Jefferson Davis were too busy running their respective governments to go into battle. Davis wanted to be a general and had military experience, but was elected to be President of the Confederacy. Diplomatic relations depended on the foreign nations that backed the respective sides. Both sides used politics and diplomacy to further their war plans. The North was better prepared for war than the South. Northern cities had paved roads, industrial strength, and urbanized cities. The ports and railroad connected the North with precious supplies. Northern life worked for the war cause. The South only had plantations and farming. When the North started burning crops, houses, and anything that could be used in the South, many Southerner civilians and soldiers began to starve. Unio n soldiers captured were also starved due to a lack of supplies. Women on both sides had to take up positions left by men that were at the fronts. Women and children lost their men on both sides. This was the bloodiest war and many men were killed. Slaves were forced into battle or made to starve with their owners. Life was not pleasant. Bibliography Volo, Dorothy Denneen and James M. Volo. Daily Life in Civil War America.

Supervision Ad Leadership Notes Essay Example for Free

Supervision Ad Leadership Notes Essay * Management theory was first described over 100 years ago during the industrial revolution. Defined as coordination of human, material, technological, and financial resources needed for an organization to reach its goals. Management is multipurpose organ that manages a business and manage managers and manages workers and work. * 5 functions of manager’s job: planning, controlling, organizing, staffing, and leading, continuous improvement. * Top level managers (chief executive officers, presidents, senior vice presidents) plan and organize. First line or front line managers (foreman, crew chiefs, supervisors) involved in nitty gritty. Front line lead and control. Learning Observations- organizations that adapt and grow to cater to new markets and build on new ideas. Green thumb leadership- supportive rather than directive leadership to encourage employee innovation. Peter M. Senge mid 1990’s. must nurture employees to grow Judith estrin. Supportive, protect new initiatives, encouraging risk taking flexibility. Foster open communication lines between themselves and employees protect new ideas, eliminate threats to new idea generation. Learning leaders- active leaders of change that participate in co-inquiry. Patricia Fritts Distinctions between management and leadership Creating and agenda ;(management) planningbudgeting, steps for achieving each goal allocating the resources needed to complete those goals.(leadership) establish direction, develop a vision, and strategies Developing a human network for achieving the agenda;(management) organizing and staffing, structuring, staffing that structures with individuals, delegating responsibility to carry out a plan, providing policies and procedures, cerate methods to monitor implementation.(Leadership) aligning people, communicating the direction by words to influence the teams that understand the vision Executive plans;(management) controlling and problem solving, monitor results, identifying deviations, planning and organizing to solve problem.(Leadership) motivating and inspiring, energizing people to overcome obstacles. Outcomes;(Management)produces a degree of predictability and order, has potential to produce results by stakeholders. (Leaderships)produces change and produce change†¦things customers want. Attitudes towards goals(management)impersonal, functional, passive, believes goals arise out of reality.(leadership)personal and active attitude, goals arise from desire and imagination. Conceptions of work(manager) views work as a enabling process that combines people ideas.(leadership) looks for approaches to old problems, seeks high risk position. Relationship with others(managers) avoids solitary work activity, avoids conflict, prefer t work with others.(Leaders) Comfortable in solitary work activity, not conflict-averse, encourage close working relationships. Sense of self (managers) accepts life as it is, one-born. (Leaders) twice-born, questions life, struggle for sense of order. Eleven managerial Practices Informing, consulting and delegating, planning and organizing, problem solving and crisis management, clarifying roles and objectives, monitoring operations and environment, motivating, recognizing and rewarding, supporting and mentoring, managing conflict and team building, networking.

Attila The Hun: One Of Historys Great Leaders Essay -- essays researc

Barbarian is defined as, "a rude, coarse or brutal person"(Funk & Wagnalls 50). When one hears the name, Attila the Hun, one tends to think of him in such a negative way. Contrary to this popular belief, Attila the Hun was not a barbarian, but one of history's great leaders. The Hun kingdom was in modern-day Hungry. The Huns were a Turkish-speaking nomadic people. Attila and his brother Belda succeeded their uncle as leaders of the Huns in 434 A.D. Attila was in the junior role, until his brother's death 12 years later. It is often said that Attila murdered Belda to obtain the throne. When Attila became leader he found a rusty old sword; he said it was the sword of Mars. The empire which he inherited was dependent on tribute, without it, the Huns could not survive. Attila brought about a turn of events for his people. To ensure the survival of his people, in 447 AD, Attila launched an invasion of Eastern Europe. Attila created an empire that reached from the Black Sea to Germany. He was known in the west as ‘The Scourge of God'. . Compared to the leaders who had ruled before him, he was aggressive, ambitious, shrewd, intelligent, charismatic, and arrogant. Attila showed his great leadership by his army of magnificent proportions. It is thought to have been the largest army of the late fifth century. Attila also showed his leadership abilities by his motivational speaking. Attila was able to speak to his soldiers before battle, inspiring them to fight even harder. Finally, Attila revealed himself as a great leader in his ability to be a military strategist. The battle of Chalons, in which Attila fought, was one of the most decisive battles in history. One of the most important factors in Attila being a great leader was his army. Attila had an army of amazing proportions for the fifth century. Attila was able to make his army so large by taking the men from conquered cities and forcing them into his army. His army grew so large it invoked fear throughout the people of Europe. Ancient accounts from the time say that the number of men in Attila's army, " range between 300,000 and 700,000 for the army of the Huns. Whatever the size, it was clearly enormous for the fifth century AD" (I'm a Barbarian). Other accounts say that the size of Attila's army at the battle of Chalons was actually half a million men in... ...p; "Attila The Hun." COSMIC BASEBALL ASSOCIATION-1997 ATTILA THE HUN. 23 Oct. 1999. http://www.clark.net/pub/cosmic/attila7.html "Attila The Hun (aka The Scourge of God) (406-453)." Malaspina.com. 23 Oct. 1999. http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/attila.htm "Attila the Hun." How Not To Die: The Dumbest Deaths in Recorded History. 23 Oct. 1999 http://www.alink.net/~tomki/Funnies/death2.txt "Barbarian." Funk & Wagnalls Standard Desk Dictionary. 1984. Ferrill, Arther. "Attila the Hun and The Battle of Chalons". Medieval Sourcebook. 1999 http://www.msstate.edu/Archives/History/scholarship/attila.art (23 Oct. 1999). Furnival, Mark. "The Huns." The Huns. 1998. http://www.btinternet.com/%7Emark.furnival/huns.htm (23 Oct. 1999). "Medieval Sourcebook: Pricus on Attila the Hun 448." Medieval Sourcebook. 1999 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/attila1.html "The Huns." I'm A Barbarian. 23 Oct. 1999. http://art1.candor.com/barbarian/attila.htm Attila The Hun: One Of Historys Great Leaders Essay -- essays researc Barbarian is defined as, "a rude, coarse or brutal person"(Funk & Wagnalls 50). When one hears the name, Attila the Hun, one tends to think of him in such a negative way. Contrary to this popular belief, Attila the Hun was not a barbarian, but one of history's great leaders. The Hun kingdom was in modern-day Hungry. The Huns were a Turkish-speaking nomadic people. Attila and his brother Belda succeeded their uncle as leaders of the Huns in 434 A.D. Attila was in the junior role, until his brother's death 12 years later. It is often said that Attila murdered Belda to obtain the throne. When Attila became leader he found a rusty old sword; he said it was the sword of Mars. The empire which he inherited was dependent on tribute, without it, the Huns could not survive. Attila brought about a turn of events for his people. To ensure the survival of his people, in 447 AD, Attila launched an invasion of Eastern Europe. Attila created an empire that reached from the Black Sea to Germany. He was known in the west as ‘The Scourge of God'. . Compared to the leaders who had ruled before him, he was aggressive, ambitious, shrewd, intelligent, charismatic, and arrogant. Attila showed his great leadership by his army of magnificent proportions. It is thought to have been the largest army of the late fifth century. Attila also showed his leadership abilities by his motivational speaking. Attila was able to speak to his soldiers before battle, inspiring them to fight even harder. Finally, Attila revealed himself as a great leader in his ability to be a military strategist. The battle of Chalons, in which Attila fought, was one of the most decisive battles in history. One of the most important factors in Attila being a great leader was his army. Attila had an army of amazing proportions for the fifth century. Attila was able to make his army so large by taking the men from conquered cities and forcing them into his army. His army grew so large it invoked fear throughout the people of Europe. Ancient accounts from the time say that the number of men in Attila's army, " range between 300,000 and 700,000 for the army of the Huns. Whatever the size, it was clearly enormous for the fifth century AD" (I'm a Barbarian). Other accounts say that the size of Attila's army at the battle of Chalons was actually half a million men in... ...p; "Attila The Hun." COSMIC BASEBALL ASSOCIATION-1997 ATTILA THE HUN. 23 Oct. 1999. http://www.clark.net/pub/cosmic/attila7.html "Attila The Hun (aka The Scourge of God) (406-453)." Malaspina.com. 23 Oct. 1999. http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/attila.htm "Attila the Hun." How Not To Die: The Dumbest Deaths in Recorded History. 23 Oct. 1999 http://www.alink.net/~tomki/Funnies/death2.txt "Barbarian." Funk & Wagnalls Standard Desk Dictionary. 1984. Ferrill, Arther. "Attila the Hun and The Battle of Chalons". Medieval Sourcebook. 1999 http://www.msstate.edu/Archives/History/scholarship/attila.art (23 Oct. 1999). Furnival, Mark. "The Huns." The Huns. 1998. http://www.btinternet.com/%7Emark.furnival/huns.htm (23 Oct. 1999). "Medieval Sourcebook: Pricus on Attila the Hun 448." Medieval Sourcebook. 1999 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/attila1.html "The Huns." I'm A Barbarian. 23 Oct. 1999. http://art1.candor.com/barbarian/attila.htm

Ethics in Contemporary Society

Presently, Americans are comfortable relating ethics to individuality. Often times, American citizens expresses their right of freedoms to enhance their own sense of ethics or relativity. In defining relativism, moral principles are a matter of personal feelings and individual preference. As for individual moral relativism, figuring out what is moral and immoral in specific circumstances differs according to the person. On another note, moral relativists have a disbelief in universal truths or common law. This essay will examine and highlight major details about problems surrounding individual moral relativism and cultural moral relativism.It will reflect post-modern and modern methods of belief in order to exhibit its valuableness in ethical decision-making in overcoming problems (Owen, 2011). In particular, it argues that abstract theories of either individual or subjective moral relativism are fruitless for understanding humans. What's more, it tends to limit humans to egocentric people or hamper the development of distinctiveness through division and relativism. It is disputed that innovativeness excludes other styles of understanding. It utters reverence and celebrates the variance; it has rendered the pursuit for any kind of meaning inaudible (Reno, 2012).To bypass these restrictions and to extend the resistance of ethical relativism this article draws substantially from the research of Lawrence Kohlberg. He is a well-known psychologist that is recognized for the moral stages of development. Moreover, his research theory moves closer by claiming cultural relativists are individuals trapped in the conventional stage of ethical development (Garz, 2010).This ethical development model greets and enriches narrative understanding. As this essay continues to explore the world of  ethical/moral relativism, it will summarize topics like cultural moral relativism, individual and subjective relativism. In addition, it will review Kohlberg’s moral stages of development and why he believes that many cultural relativists are trapped in a particular stage. As a final touch, this essay will discuss personal beliefs and experiences in relation to each topic, and why I agree or disagree with these reasoning. What is more moral relativism? Previously moral relativism was defined as being right or wrong, and the second deals with the difference between an objective and a subjective truth.Thinking that ethical truth is biased, moral relativists often react to moral conclusions about homosexual behavior (Klikauer, 2011). To these individuals, the term homosexual is rubbish because everyone's morality is equivalent. In short, nobody has a right to a morality that is incumbent on others. Being objective (individual) honest is recognized as the best choice; however, it is not the easiest decision (Owen, 2011). For example, parents or educators do not chastise students merely for getting their answer wrong in Math problems. For many students, their mistakes would be coherent, not moral.Another example would be a husband beats his wife is simply indecent; therefore, he' is considered as being immoral. Based on Quintelier & Fessler (2012) findings, cultural relativism is considered as an interpretation that all views, customs, and ethics are comparative to the individual within his or her own societal environment. Therefore, individuals put their cultural beliefs at the front of comparative ethical decision-making. Basically, right and wrong are culture-specific; however, what is right in one culture may be considered as corrupt in another culture (Owen, 2011).Being there is no universal code of morality, individuals does not have the right to judge another societal traditions. At the conventional stage of ethical development, each person respects the beliefs of his or her group, family, or nation, as important, despite of the abrupt and apparent concerns (Klikauer, 2011). This stance is not just conformity to subjective expecta tions and social order, but also one of loyalty. According to Kohlberg, cultural relativist is often stuck in this stage due to their beliefs and cultural upbringing. Furthermore, I support this stance for different reasons.For example, I was raised to believe in Christianity is the right path to follow because my parents instill that religion into me as a child. In conclusion, many philosophers have both defended and opposed moral relativism. Recent research argues that normative moral theories should be controlled and explore by psychologists to grasp a more in-depth understanding (Quintelier & Fessler, 2012). Researchers questioned the thought that individuals are or can be moral relativists. If so, can being a moral relativist affect can an individual's moral functioning.This research is underutilized in theorists' normative philosophies of relativism; all together, the pragmatic work is abstractly incoherent (Quintelier & Fessler, 2012). The main objective of this assignment is to assimilate ethical and practical work on limitations about normative relativism. From my perspective, I support the individual and cultural relativity. As an African female, customs, traditions and religions played an essential role in my childhood as well as my growth. Biblical teachings were molded into my mind, heart, body and soul. My grandparents are the root to my development and ethical beliefs.

I Was A Secret Code - 1568 Words

When I was about eleven years old I had the habit of biting my nails, it wasn’t out of control, but it was enough to be noticed. I remember my mother pestering me to quit the obsession and I would always shrug her off and thought it wasn’t something to make such a big deal out of. She used many tactics to help me end this quirk—painted my nails to guilt me from ruining them, made a secret code word that she would say whenever I bit my nails, even bit her own nails to show how ridiculous I looked, but to no avail. A few weeks later after a vacation with family friends, as we were looking through the pictures and videos, I saw a video with myself in the background biting my nails in a daze. And it was as though I had an epiphany, if one can have one for such a mundane matter, I finally understood why my mother found my custom so uncouth. And thereafter I never bit my nails again. In hindsight it seems the obvious method to convince me of my foible, it is apparent t hat the purest way to self-reflect is by exposure to oneself through a candid lens. Woolf uses this very theory to create a character for Clarissa’s introspection and by means of this contemplation to authentically heal. In Mrs. Dalloway, Virginia Woolf uses the foil characters of Clarissa and Septimus, with parallel plotlines throughout the course of the narrative to highlight criticism on social issues such as mental illness, marriage and existentialism. Woolf creates Septimus as a physical manifestation ofShow MoreRelatedThe KKK and Real Estate Essay1227 Words   |  5 PagesTo what extent are real estate agents similar to the Ku Klux Klan? There is no stronger incentive than fear. 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Thus, I picked this book up and set myself through the experiences of Julia Lindsay MacKenzie Wallace Beaufort-Stuart (whose code name Verity) and her very dear best friend Maddie Brodatt. I came away from theRead MoreThe History of Cryptography Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagesis the use of codes and ciphers to protect secrets and has been around for centuries. It has its beginnings in ancient Egypt and has played a role in every part of history to its current role in protecting communications across today’s computer networks. In classical times cryptology was not as sophisticated as it is today, but it had its uses for that time in history. The early Greeks used what was called the Scytale Cipher. It was used between the Greek and Spartan armies and was very popularRead MoreA Report On The United States Customs Enforcement Agency1030 Words   |  5 PagesJacob Bertuglia Prof. Keilholtz CRJ-110 March 4, 2017 A Report on the Current State of The US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency And The US Secret Service 1. US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency. A. The mission of ICE is to enforce laws regarding the safety of the US such as immigration and customs laws, investigate and make necessary arrests in cases of the violation of these laws and if necessary, facilitate transfers of offenders to the custody of additional agencies dependingRead MoreOutline Of A Speech On Secret Societies928 Words   |  4 PagesI. Speech Overview: A. General Goal: To inform. B. Specific Goal: By the end of my speech, my audience will understand that secret societies have been around for many centuries. 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